The degree of pain was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index and the visual analog scale.
ERS exercise was performed for a duration of 12 weeks (three times each week). Materials and Methods: The 80 participants were all women aged 61–84 years who were randomly assigned to either the control group (CON) or ERS group (ERSG). The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in elderly women with CLBP who participate in an ERS program. Our systematic review summarised existing applications of extended reality for back pain and proposed a few recommendations to direct further studies in the field.īackground and objectives: Studies on the effects of an equine riding simulator (ERS) program on back pain, spinal alignment, and isokinetic moments in subjects with chronic low back pain (CLBP) remain limited. While the specific set of studies showed high heterogeneity across several methodological factors, a tentative conclusion could be drawn that VR was effective improving back pain intensity and tends to have a positive effect on improving other pain outcomes and motion function.Įxtended reality technologies have appeared as interesting nonpharmacological options for the treatment of back pain, with the potential to minimise the need for opioid medications. Almost all included studies presented high risk of bias, highlighting the need to improve methodology in the examination of VR interventions. Sixteen controlled studies were included in a meta-analysis which suggested that VR provides a significant improvement in terms of back pain intensity over control interventions (Mean Difference: -0.67 95% CI: -1.12 to -0.23 I² = 85%). Despite broader XR search, all interventions were virtual reality (VR) based and involved physical exercises (n=17, 71%), hippotherapy (n=4, 17%), motor imagery (n=1, 4%), distraction (n=1, 4%), and cognitive-behavior therapy (n=1, 4%). These studies included a total of 900 back pain patients. Of 2,050 unique citations, 24 articles were included in our review. Following the Cochrane guidelines, relevant articles of any language were selected by two independent reviewers from CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, Medline and Web of Knowledge databases. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence of extended reality (XR) on pain and motor function outcomes in patients with back pain. However, high heterogeneity exists and can influence the consistency of the results. In conclusion, VR can significantly reduce pain intensity and kinesiophobia in patients with chronic low back pain after the intervention and at followup. No significant differences were found in disability. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review and eleven in the meta-analysis.
Methodological quality was assessed with the Downs and Black scale and the risk of bias with the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Inclusion criteria were defined following PICOS recommendations. Four databases (PubMed, Cinahl, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched up to August 2021. This review was designed according to PRISMA and registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020222129). The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze the effectiveness of VR in chronic low back pain. Virtual reality (VR) can present advantages in the treatment of chronic low back pain.
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